Colonel John H. Savage's Petition
County Court of Warren County, Tennessee
On motion the privilege asked in the following petition was unanimously granted.
To the Honorable County Court of Warren County, Tennessee.
The petition of John H. Savage, a citizen of said County.
Your petitioner would most respectfully show to the court that he was born and reared in the county of Warren where he has continued nearly all his life.
That he had the honor to command, as its colonel, the Sixteenth Tennessee Regiment of the Confederate States Army in the great war and that said regiment was composed of ten companies, four which were made up of young men from Warren County, the other six from the adjoining counties of DeKalb, White, Putnam, Van Buren, Grundy and Coffee.
That about two Hundred twenty-two (222) soldiers of said regiment were killed or mortally wounded in battle.
Your petitioner has contracted for a suitable monument at a cost of about Fifteen Hundred ($1500.00) Dollars, upon which is being placed the names of the killed of the regiment.
It is the wish and desire of your petitioner to be permitted by your honorable court to erect said monument in the Southwest corner of the court house grounds in the Town of McMinnville, Tennessee.
The monument is being built by Mr. J.L. Wilson and will be ready to be erected within the next thirty days.
You petitioner further states that he is very old and in feeble health and is anxious to see said monument erected before his death.
Your petitioner further states that he has selected a committee of five men who were members of the regiment to superintend, and look after the erection and unveiling of said monument.
Your petitioner humbly prays that your honorable court grant him the privilege of erecting said monument at the point indicated.
This March 26th 1904.John H. Savage Warren County, Tennessee Quarterly Court Minute Book,
Volume 2, Oct. 1903-Jan. 1909, pages 51-52, April Term 1904.
SAVAGE'S MONUMENT TO THE 16TH REGIMENT
We are more than glad that Col. Savage had determined to place the monument to his to regiment, the 16th Tennessee Volunteers, in the southwest corner of our court house square (with the consent of the County Court, which no doubt will be gladly granted). It was the Colonel's original purpose to place the monument on the battlefield at Murfreesboro, where so many of his brave boys followed him to their death. No braver set of men ever enlisted in the cause of the Confederacy than Col. Savage's 16th, nor no regiment ever had a more gallant leader cool, clear headed and unblanched under the most deadly fire. It is a beautiful tribute of the Colonel to the memory of the killed and wounded in his regiment, and it is most befitting that it should be placed at the site selected, for the entire regiment was made up from this rugged, mountain country, and the relatives and friends of those 221 brave boys who were wounded and killed out of the regiment, and whose names are to be cut in the everlasting marble, will care for and protect this memento of the commander.
The monument is of white marble, 30 feet high, and will cost some $1,300 or $1,500. Again we say, we are glad that the Colonel has determined to place it here, and we express the hope that he may live to look upon this evidence of his affection for his old regiment, and be present at its unveiling, and live to see many suns shine upon its polished shaft.New Era, McMinnville, TN. Thursday, 10 Mar 1904.
With no title, the following is another notation of the monument from another paper.
---Col. John H. Savage has decided to place the monument to his old regiment, the 16 Tennessee Volunteers, in the south west corner of the courthouse square, if the county court will consent. The monument is to be of white marble, 30 feet high, and will cost about $1500. It was the original purpose of Col. Savage to erect this monument on the Stones' River battlefield at Murfreesboro, but in view of the fact that the entire regiment was made up from this county, it is very befitting that the monument be located here. The erecting of the monument is a noble tribute of Col. Savage to the memory of those killed in his regiment.
Warren County Times, McMinnville, TN. Friday, 11 Mar 1904, p. 1.
Quarterly Court Proceedings
The April term of the Warren County Court was held Monday, Chairman Geo. L. Beech presiding.
The quarterly report of the Chairman on the financial condition of the county was presented and adopted.
J.C. Biles presented a petition to the court from Col. Jno. H. Savage asking the permission to place the monument he will erect to the memory of the members of the famous 16th Tennessee Regiment, Confederate army, on the court yard. The Court unanimously granted the request.
J.R. Odiel and Charley Kirby were permanently released from paying poll tax and working road on account of physical disabilities.
Bright Martin's lands were detached from the 3rd and attached to the 2nd district for all purposes.PAUPER APPROPRIATIONS
Caleb Talley per annum ....$20.00
Edith Jones " " .. ..20.00
Mary Melton " " .. .. .40.00
J.L. Jones " " .. . . .50.00
Mrs. Jno Carson per annum .. .....20.00Geo. M. Smith and J.R. Ramsey were re-elected Notaries Public.
Wm. W. Wallace was elected Custodian of County Warrants.
W.T. Dodson's land was detached from the 1st and attached to the 5th district for all purposes.Warren County Times, Vol. I, No. 46, McMinnville, TN. Fri., 8 Apr 1904.
QUARTERLY COURT
Following are the matters of general interest transacted by the County Court in quarterly session on the first Monday in April.
Permission was granted for the erection of Col. Savage's monument to the Sixteenth Tennessee Regiment in the southwest corner of the court house yard.
Bright Martin's lands were detached from the 3rd and attached to the 2nd district for all purposes.
Geo. M. Smith and J.R. Ramsey were re-elected Notaries Public.
W.T. Dodson's land was detached from the 1st and attached to the 5th district for all purposes.
T.M. Hobbs was elected Road Commissioner of the 7th district.
Lands of Jasper Millstead detached from 1st and attached to 9th district.
The lands of W.M. Jones wee detached from 12th and attached to the 18th district, and of J.W. Davenport, I.M. McGregor and Stephen Herriman detached from 16th and attached to 18th district.
Lands of Miss Sallie Marshall detached from 1st and attached to 14th district.
The wire foot bridge at Hanlan was ordered removed to Mountain Creek, the county to be at no expense for the same.Southern Standard, McMinnville, TN. Vol. XXV, No. 24. 16 April 1904.
SIXTEENTH TENNESSEE REGIMENT
The Monument Erected by Col. Savage to be Unveiled on Thursday, May 10th.
The monument to the memory of those members of the Sixteenth Tennessee Regiment, C.S.A., who fell in battle, erected by their Colonel, John H. Savage, has been completed and besides being a mute tribute to the bravery and patriotism of the long list of heroes, it is a handsome ornament to the public square in McMinnville.
Col. Savage, a few weeks before he died, realizing that he would probably not live to see the monument completed, appointed six living members of the Regiment, as a committee to attend to the erection and unveiling of the monument, leaving specific written instruction, that his wishes might be carried out in every particular. This committee consists of Messrs J.C. Biles, Jesse Walling, W.C. Womack, J.B. Ritchey, J.P. Smartt and J.J. Womack. This committee has fixed Thursday, May 10th at 11 o'clock a.m. as the date for unveiling the monument, and has secured Col. J.H. Holman of Fayetteville as the orator of the day. Mr. J. P. Smartt will deliver an address as the representative of the Regiment, and other gentlemen will also be invited to make brief addresses.
Mr. F.R. Davis has been made an advisory member of the committee, and he will have charge of the platform, decorations, music and other minor details of the program.
A cordial invitation is extended to everybody to attend the occasion, and especially to all old soldiers.Warren County Times, McMinnville, TN. Vol. I, No. 50. Fri., 6 May 1904.
COL. JOHN H. SAVAGE DEAD
The "Old Man of the Mountains" Passes Peacefully to His Long Rest
DISTINGUISHED IN MILITARY AND POLITICAL LIFE
The space of a weekly country paper, if all consumed would be totally inadequate to give even a fairly partial synopsis of the life and character of the subject of this sketch, whose services to his country in war, politics, and as a citizen, were of such great magnitude.
The death of Col. Savage occurred at his rooms in this city at 1 o'clock on the morning of April 5th, 1904. He was in his 88th year and his death resulted from old age. Up to the last his mind was strong, though his physical condition was weak. For several months he had the constant care of relatives and friends and was seldom alone even for the briefest time.
A large concourse of friends attended the funeral service at the Cumberland Presbyterian church at 10 o'clock on Wednesday morning and followed the remains to their last resting place in the city cemetery.
The following is but a brief sketch of his life and characteristics:
John Houston Savage was born in McMinnville, the county seat of Warren County, Tennessee, Oct. 9, 1815. He was brought up on his father's farm working in crop time with the negroes and hired hands, attending in the fall and winter subscription schools taught in the neighborhood. The first dollar he ever earned, from the sale of rabbit skins, went for a copy of "The Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte," a purchase typical of the man.
The profession of law attracted him and he decided to study for it. Should he fail in it, it was his determination to take his rifle in hand and head for the western frontier. Building himself a rude log cabin on a bluff overlooking the river some 600 yards from the family homestead, Savage took up his studies. History was his work, Literature and poetry his recreation. The legal studies were to come later. In this secluded hermitage he learned the art of war from the military history of Xenephon, Epaminondous, Philly, Alexander, Fabius, Scipio Africanus, Marius, Hannibal, Caesar, Sulla, Crowell, Napoleon, Washington and Jackson. In 1836 he began its practical study, volunteering under a call by Gen. Gaines for 2,000 mounted volunteers to defend the neutrality of the Texas frontier. Within forty days' time, however, his company, "The Mountain Blues," had been discharged, news having come of Santa Anna's capture by Houston. On the return of the company from Nashville Savage and five others of his county proceeded to Fayetteville to offer themselves for the Florida war. In that struggle he fired the first shot in Armstrong's brigade and was in all its marches and battles, being mustered out in New Orleans, Jan. 14, 1837.
GOES TO WAR AGAIN
Ten years later found Savage swinging around the circle a candidate for Congress against Samuel Turney and H.L.W. Hill. They filled several joint appointments. At Gainesboro, where they were in March, Hill and Turney had spoken and Savage was in the midst of his speech when the postmaster handed him a letter. It was an appointment from President Polk to be the first Major of the Fourteenth United States Infantry. Without concluding his speech he thanked his friends for their indulgence and announced that he was no longer a candidate, preferring to fight in Mexico to going to Congress. Savage met Gen. Franklin Pierce aboard a transport at Vera Cruz and marched under his command to Pueblo. He was stricken down with fever and for some time was unable to ride his horse. While in an ambulance, however, going from Pueblo to the City of Mexico with Scott's army he heard that they were approaching the latter place. He promptly mounted his horse and was on duty until severely wounded by a shell in the assault on Molino del Rey. The wound gave him considerable trouble. As he tersely expressed it in his story of his life, "Savage never danced after this battle." While recuperating in the City of Mexico he learned the game of faro, hobbling across the hall from his room to a resort patronized by many distinguished soldiers. In later years in Nashville he turned the knowledge to account, breaking three faro banks, and on his indictment sending word to the Judge to be mild with the fines as he, Savage, had suppressed three of the illegitimate institutions and the court none.
Reporting for duty Savage took charge of the Eleventh Infantry as it Lieutenant Colonel. While the regiment was in camp at Learma news of peace came. About dusk, there being much noise in the camp, Savage asked his Adjutant what it meant.
"They are preparing to serenade you," was the answer. Savage ordered him to call out the guard and arrest any man who should attempt to serenade him.
"If I allow them to serenade me tonight, they may charivari me tomorrow night," he said in explanation.
In Mexico he and Joseph E. Johnston drilled their respective regiments on the same parade ground during the armistice following Cherubusco, and at Learma his headquarters were visited by a good looking young officer, Lieut. U.S. Grant.
REBEL, NO SECESSIONIST
When the Civil War came on Savage made no speeches and took no active part to cause men to recruit. He did not believe in secession. It was, he said, the invention of John C. Calhoun's sophistry and speculative theories. From the days of Moses to the time Calhoun taught it, such a thing as secession had been unknown to the annals of history. What he did believe in was rebellion. "If," he said, "the battle of the South had been justified upon the right to rebel against insults, injustice, oppression and the manifest purpose to abolish slavery and reduce the white men to a level with the negro, the people of Tennessee would have stood as one solid man against the army of Yankee abolitionists." In addition, he considered the impending was a most, unfortunate military mistake. He accepted the command of the Sixteenth Tennessee, however, and one of the last projects of his life has been the erection of a monument to the memory of its dead. This will be erected on the Public Square of McMinnville.
Savage was not in harmony with the organization of the new nation or its army. He maintained that both should be reorganized, or the Confederacy might expect certain defeat. Isham G. Harris, the War Governor of Tennessee, was the especial target of his spleen, and in Jefferson Davis' ability he had scant confidence. Of several commanders under whom he served he has written scathing criticisms. His regiment, unsupported, he charged, was sent under an enfilading battery fire against the main line of the Federal army at Perryville, losing one hundred and ninety-nine men, fifty-one more than the balance of the brigade. The terrible execution was the work of thirty minutes. Savage, himself was among the wounded. When he saw the terrible execution among his men, he dropped down at the foot of a tree and cried like a child.
His expression regarding Donelson, Cheatham and Bragg in this connection are merciless.
At the battle of Murfreesboro, the Sixteenth was in forefront again, fight with Hazen's brigade, which stayed the rout of the Union army on the first day of the battle, the great struggle occurring near the spot where the Hazen monument now stands. Not one of Savage's commissioned officers was left standing in this terrific fight. After the battle he resigned his command and became a candidate for Congress, his motive, it has been said, being to square accounts with Harris, Bragg and others.
ON THE HUSTINGS
The military career of Savage was not more interesting than his political record. Projected into politics in the turbulent days of the ante-bellum period, he proved himself ready at all times to measure lances in debate, criticizing his opponents with an invective that seared like a red-hot iron. In his speaking or in his writings he brought to bear the extensive course of reading which he had pursued in his early hermitage, and he pointed his morals with a directness that knew neither fear nor mercy. He was a political contemporary of Andrew Johnson and Isham G. Harris, notable figures in Tennessee politics. In 1872, speaking in joint debate with the former President at Sparta, he arraigned Johnson severely. Charging him with hanging Mrs. Surratt in violation of the common law of England American and the Constitution, he declared that with an honest jury of whites, before any able Tennessee judge, with the question of venue waived, he could hang him as easily as hang one John Presswood for the murder of a Mrs. Billings. In 1889, while in the Legislature, he filed a protest against Harris' election as United States Senator that was so virulent that it was not permitted to go upon the Journal.
In 1841 Savage was chosen to fill an unexpired term as Attorney General. This was his entrance into public service. After Polk's nomination for Presidency, Savage was chosen as elector, the suggestion coming from Polk himself. Clay carried the State, but Savage claimed that it was because in one Democratic county the vote cast for Polk and Dallas and not the electors. Savage took his seat in Congress in 1849, and it was during first term that the split came with Andrew Johnson, who was there then, too.
In his reminiscences of his services he states: "President Filmore, sent his message to Congress declaring a purpose to use the army to take possession of territory claimed by Texas. Brown of Mississippi, Stevens of Georgia, and Savage of Tennessee spoke against the measure. The House adjourned after Savage's speech, Filmore sent for the speaker, requesting him to stop the debate, promising to recall his order to the army. Texas retained the territory." The speech was delivered Aug. 9, 1850.
CULLUM - SAVAGE CAMPAIGN
Becoming tired of Congress, in the fall of 1853 he opened up his law office again. But in the winter of 1854 the Democrats wanted a candidate to run against Wm. Cullum for Congress. Savage eventually entered the contest, the race being a memorably spectacular one. It has been said that the preliminaries to debate were the placing on the table the bowie knives and pistols of the candidates. Savage maintained that this was false, though admitting that he was always armed. At Jacksboro, in Warren county, the two came together, Savage, after a clinch, advancing on Cullum with a cocked pistol, the latter putting up his hands and announcing that he was unarmed.
In his story of his life it appears that while a member of the Committee on Privileges and Elections, the gentleman from Tennessee and Gen. Spinner on several occasions engaged in violent altercations. The fact that Savage was constantly armed prevented him from attacking his opponent, who was known to be unarmed.
DUELLING ETHICS
During his services in Washington Savage was considered an authority upon the code of honor. While in the capital soon after his election over Cullum, Savage in a shooting gallery with Congressman Faulkner, father of Senator Faulkner of West Virginia, established such a reputation with pistols and rifles that as a matter of policy he never shot again in Washington. This reputation secured him from personal difficulties and made him sought after in affairs of honor as a second. He bore several challenges among them one from Preston Brooks, of South Carolina, to John Woodruff, of Connecticut, the latter, according to the intermediary, humiliating himself to such an extent that Savage told him that he was too low in the scale of humanity to give satisfaction to any gentleman. The old fire-eater, however, disclaimed any connection with the assault of Brooks on Charles Sumner. He and Brooks met again after the war, at Baltimore, Savage being a delegate to the Democratic convention which nominated Horace Greeley. He was a member of the Platform Committee.
SCALING THE STATE DEBT
The most conspicuous political service of Savage subsequent to the war in connection with the scaling of the State debt, a cause into which he projected himself with his accustomed vigor. Three times he served in the Legislature and he was a member of Tennessee's first railroad commission, serving by appointment of Gov. Bate.
Prior to that he made an unsuccessful race for Governor, Marks being elected.
With all the acrimony which his public life engendered and which flavored his political utterance, his influence was widespread. In Tennessee his unusual ability was recognized the length and breadth of the State. Among his own people great deference was paid to the opinions of the stern old man.
Under his dominating influence Warren county Democracy in 1892 declared against the nomination of Grover Cleveland.
MAN OF WEALTH
During his long and active career he accumulated wealth as wealth is judged in the provinces. Within the last six months he sold lands in White county to ___ ____ Creek Coal Company for forty odd thousand dollars. In addition to these funds he is known to have considerable other property included which is a farm near McMinnville and in the building which has been his home and office for a number of years. Despite this wealth he has worn clothing of homespun jeans consistently.
With all his wealth, his reputation as a dashing soldier, lawyer of brilliance and a political figure of power and prominence, Co. Savage never married. The one social relation in his life which gave promise of a matrimonial culmination, at least so far as the public could construe it, ended in the courts. The litigation was the suit for defamation of character brought against him by Miss Narcissa P. Saunders stepdaughter of former Governor and Postmaster General Aaron V. Brown, and at one time a beauty of national repute. The case is one of the notable ones upon the court records of Tennessee, furnishing a finale bizarre and sensational to his life of storm and stress. In the trial of the suit the social life of half a century ago in Washington was threshed out and the love affairs of distinguished men in the affairs of state became material for examination and cross-examination. In the record the names of Generals figure conspicuously; also a railroad President, Congressmen and a member of the Supreme bench. Col. Savage lost the suit, the judgment against him being for $5000.
SAVAGE'S PRAYER
In the book which Col. Savage wrote of himself appears the following conclusion under the heading Savage's Prayer:
"To the Great Spirit, ruler of a boundless universe, mysterious, incomprehensible, self-existent, omnipotent and omniscient, of whom men can know nothing except as revealed by the light of the sun, moon and stars, to thee I address this, my humble prayer. I pray thee to look in mercy on the little good I have tried to do, and pardon the many wrongs I may have committed on the earth, and when this life shall end I pray thee accept my spirit, and although it be but an atom in the boundless universe, let it live immortal and not perish in endless night."Southern Standard, McMinnville, TN. Thursday, 14 Apr 1904.
"The Old Man of The Mountains," John H. Savage
The following is a bit of interesting history of the late Col. John H. Savage of Warren county. This article from the Nashville Tennessean is from the pen of Jas. I. Finny. This article telling of Tennessee's First Railroad Commission is reproduced in full as it is of general interest.
Many of the newspapers in commenting upon the death of the late lamented attorney-general of the state, Frank M. Thompson, have stated that he was a member of Tennessee's first railroad commission. This is not accurate. He was a member of the first commission which indirect and unbroken line is the predecessor of the present body. He was, together with Newton H. White of Giles and Ernest L. Bullock of Madison, appointed by Gov. Robert L. Taylor in 1897 when the present body was instituted. He rendered admirable service on the board. Largely because the action of the commission in seeking to increase the contributions from the railroads to the state General Thompson and his colleagues were defeated.
But Tennessee's first railroad commission was established in 1883 under the first administration of Gov. William B. Bate. Immediately after the passage of the act General Bat appointed as the first commission Col. John H. Savage of Warren county. Gen. George W. Gordon of Shelby county and J. A. Turley of McMinn county. There was then violent opposition not only among the railroad executives but the people generally to the creation of a railroad commission. It was charged that the commission had been established largely to create places for deserving Democrats.
In 1884 the further retention of the commission was made one of the leading issues in the state campaign. The Democratic convention re-nominated Savage, Gordon and Turley and declared for the retention of the commission. The Republicans nominated W.M. Murray, Archleaus M. Hughes and M.J. Condon for commissioners and pledged the party to the abolition of the commission. The Republican nominees made their campaign on the express promise that if they were elected they would decline to quality and recommend the abolition of the body.
Although General Bate, Democratic nominee, was elected governor and the Cleveland electors carried the state, the Democratic candidates for railroad commissioners were beaten by 5,000 majority. The Democrats got 115,000 votes and the Republicans 120,000 votes. The legislature at its 1885 session accepted the vote for commissioners as a mandate from the people and repealed the act. It was not until twelve years later, 1897, that another railroad commission was created.
Governor Bate's commission, the first in the history of Tennessee, was composed of outstanding men. General Gordon and Colonel Savage were both distinguished officers in the Confederate army, and Mr. Turley was an able lawyer of East Tennessee. General Gordon and Colonel Savage both served in Congress, the former long after his membership on the commission, the latter in the fifties. General Gordon was a member of Congress when he died in 1911. Colonel Savage, very much his senior, died in 1904 before his old colleague went to Congress.
There have been few as interesting and spectacular figures in the history of Tennessee as Col. John H. Savage. He was a veteran of three wars, the Florida campaign, the Mexican war, in which he distinguished himself for marked gallantry as lieutenant-colonel, and the Civil War. In the latter he commanded the valorous Sixteenth Tennessee as heroic a command as ever followed mortal man. It was badly decimated at Perryville. The late James C. Biles of Warren county then a 16-year-old private in the regiment and who knew Colonel Savage intimately in war and in peace for more than a half century once said that the only time that he ever knew Colonel Savage to display any emotion was at Perryville. When he surveyed the terrible losses in his regiment he sat down by a tree and wept bitterly.
Colonel Savage was a Southerner of the old school. He was a duelist as well as a warrior. He was one of the most accomplished poker players of his time and he was not a prohibitionist either in theory or in practice although he never drank to excess. After the war he several times represented Warren county where he was a dominant factor for a third of a century in the legislature.
More than once he was a candidate for the United States Senate. He was always the bitter and implacable foe of the late Isham Green Harris for twenty years a senator from Tennessee.
This consuming hatred of Harris embittered the declining years of Colonel Savage. It was the result of the failure of Harris as governor of Tennessee to recommend Savage to President Davis for appointment as brigadier-general when at the battle of Murfreesboro the brigade commander was killed. Savage was the senior colonel, a veteran of two other wars and he naturally felt that he should have been promoted. Instead, General Marcus J. Wright was recommended by Harris and appointed. Savage was not of a forgiving nature. He ever forgot what he conceived to be a gross injustice.
As a member of legislature in 1889 Colonel Savage was most vindictive in his fight against Senator Harris, then a candidate for a third term. He prepared a memorial attacking the career of the distinguished Tennessee statesman, which he sought to have placed on the Journal. But this the friends of Harris would not permit. Almost until the very sunset of life Colonel Savage took an active interest in public affairs and wielded a tremendous influence in Warren and the adjoining counties where he was known as the "Old Man of the Mountains."
He was honest to the core, his integrity was never questioned, he was as brave and heroic as any Roman of the Tenth Legion. Perhaps the last campaign in which he ever participated was that of 1897 when the question of calling a constitutional convention was submitted to the voters of Tennessee. He made a speech in the beautiful little park at McMinnville in behalf of the convention and Warren was one of the six counties in all the state that voted for a convention!
Only a short time before his death Colonel Savage was the defendant in one of the most famous libel suits in the history of Tennessee. It was tried in Davidson county, the plaintiff being the stepdaughter of Gov. Aaron V. Brown, distinguished cabinet officer in the fifties. The judgment recovered against the old battle-scarred hero, and like St. Paul he carried the marks of his defense of the South to his grave, for he never recovered entirely from his wounds, further embittered him.
Men who knew and honored and served Colonel Savage often said that he was devoid of sentiment. But the last act of his life was to give the lie to that cruel charge. At his own expense, he erected a handsome monument on the courthouse lawn at McMinnville to forever perpetuate the valor and dauntless courage of the embers of the Sixteenth Tennessee who fell in battle. The names of the member of the regiment who made the sublime sacrifice are engraved on this shaft. It is more than a monument to the Sixteenth Tennessee it is also a memorial to their generous commander.The McMinnville Leader, McMinnville, TN. Vol. 5, No. 30, Friday, 6 Aug 1926.
The Southern Museum and Gallery of Photography, Culture and History, 210 E. Main Street, McMinnville, TN has graciously permitted us to use this material on a pre-publication basis of a book on Colonel John H. Savage that goes to press in September 2002. We thank them.
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